REVOLUTIONS IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Timeline. (2023)

It is the process of economic, social and technological transformation. It lasted from the late 18th to the early 19th century. The biggest changes occurred in the industries in the form of mechanization. Mechanization was the reason why agriculture was gradually replaced by industry as the backbone of the social economy.

It was an Act of the British Parliament that imposed a direct and specific tax on the thirteen colonies of British America, requiring that most materials printed in the colonies be published on stamped paper made in London and bearing a raised tax stamp .

The American Revolution (also called the US Revolutionary War) was the uprising fought between 1775 and 1783 by which 13 of Britain's North American colonies threw off British rule to form the sovereign United States of America, which was established in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence.

The Tea Party took place in Boston, Massachusetts on December 16, 1773, where 3 batches of tea were thrown into the sea. A group of colonists dressed as Indians sank a cargo of tea from three British ships into the sea.

The American War of Independence was a war pitting the original thirteen British colonies in North America against the Kingdom of Great Britain. It took place between 1775 and 1781 and ended with the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown and the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

Between 1756 and 1776 Parliament enacted a number of taxes on the colonies, including the Stamp Act 1765, the Townshend Levy of 1766 and the Tea Act

The Battle of Saratoga was one of the most important acts of war during the American Revolutionary War.

The Battle of Yorktown took place between September 26 and October 19, 1781 during the American Revolutionary War.

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed by more than fifty countries at Versailles at the end of World War I. This treaty ended the "last war", trying to limit future military adventures of part of Germany

The United States Constitution was drafted in 1787, ratified in 1788 and has been in effect since 1789. It is the longest-surviving written government charter in the world. The first three words - "We The People" - affirm that the United States government exists to serve its citizens.

The French Revolution was a social and political conflict with various periods of violence. it spread to other European nations, which faced supporters and opponents of the system known as the Old Regime.

The Estates General of 1789 was a meeting of the three estates of pre-revolutionary France: clergy, nobility and commoners. From King Louis XVI Convoked by France to deal with financial and social crises, the Third Estate ended up breaking away from royal authority and forming a National Assembly

Its function is to debate, propose and reform laws, and it also has the function of controlling government actions. It is located in the Bourbon Palace in Paris.

The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée national constituante) was a constituent assembly in the Kingdom of France, formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the early stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved on September 30, 1791 and was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly.

Its fall into the hands of the Parisian revolutionaries symbolically marked the end of the old regime and the beginning of the French Revolution.

The abolition of feudalism meant that commoners did not have to pay lords to live and work on the lord's property.

Approved by the National Constituent Assembly, it is one of many fundamental documents of the French Revolution regarding the definition of personal and community as well as universal rights.

the first written constitution in French history, it was promulgated by the National Constituent Assembly presided over by Louis XVI. was accepted. It contained the reform of the French state, leaving France configured as a constitutional monarchy

The legislature of France from October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792 during the years of the French Revolution. It formed the center of political debate and revolutionary legislation between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and the National Convention.

In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was established on September 21, 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the proclamation of the First Empire on May 18, 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of government changed several times.

The Tuileries Palace was stormed by sans-culottes, the revolutionary underclass of Paris, and provincial militias called Fédérés

It was the main institution of the First French Republic. The Convention was an elected assembly of a constituent nature, concentrating executive powers

Each party holds a national convention to select a final presidential nominee. State delegates from the primaries and factions chosen to represent the people will now "endorse" their favorite candidates, and each party's final presidential nominee will be officially announced at the end of the conventions.

The new national convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Louis was convicted of treason and executed by guillotine on January 21, 1793. Marie Antoinette was executed nine months later.

It was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. This execution was carried out in the Plaza de la Revolución, formerly known as the Plaza de Luis XV.

It was a political group during the French Revolution

The French Constitution of 1793 was the first French republican constitution, drafted by the National Convention and approved on June 24, 1793.

The Girondins were a political faction that broke away from the Jacobin Club. They were moderate revolutionaries.

The 1795 constitution established a liberal republic with tax-based suffrage similar to that of the 1791 constitution.

The Directory (also called the Directorate, French: le Directoire) was the ruling committee of five in the First French Republic from November 2, 1795 to November 8, 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the 18 Brumaire coup and replaced by the Consulate.

The Consulate (French: Le Consulate) was the supreme government of France from the overthrow of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on November 10, 1799 until the beginning of the Napoleonic Empire on May 18, 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history.

The Brumaire coup was undoubtedly one of the most influential coups in history.

A concordat is an agreement between the Holy See and a sovereign state that regulates the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state.

Napoleon made himself First Consul for life.

The Civil Code of 1804, commonly known as the Codex Napoleon, abolished all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law.

The First French Empire, also known as the Napoleonic Empire or Napoleonic France, was the monarchical government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the dissolution of the First French Republic in 1804.

Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French

The Battle of Trafalgar, also known as the Trafalgar Combat3, was a naval battle that took place on October 21, 1805 as part of the Third Coalition initiated by Britain, Austria, Russia, Naples and Sweden to attempt a defeat by Napoleon Bonaparte of the Imperial throne and dissolution of the existing French military influence in Europe.

The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, took place between the French army under Emperor Napoleon I and the combined Russian-Austrian forces.

Battle between France and Prussia in German territories

The Continental Blockade was the main basis of Emperor Napoleon I of France's foreign policy in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

It was an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia as part of the Napoleonic Wars.

It was a significant engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire and the armies of the Russian Empire.

The Aranjuez mutiny occurred between March 18 and 19, 1808 in the streets of this city of Madrid. The mutiny was unleashed in protest against the policies of Manuel Godoy

It was during the Spanish War of Independence and was the first open-field defeat in the history of Napoleon's army.

The Spanish War of Independence was a war that took place between 1808 and 1814 as part of the Napoleonic Wars, pitting the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, which claimed to install Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne after the abdication of Bayonne.

It was a military confrontation of the Spanish War of Independence. It took place next to the Toledoian city of Ocaña.

The Cortes of Cádiz were a revival of the traditional Cortes (Spanish Parliament), which had ceased to function as an institution for many years, but met as a single body rather than being divided into estates as in previous ones.

The Spanish Constitution of 1812 or Constitution of Cadiz, commonly known as La Pepa, was promulgated by the Spanish courts, composed of deputies from America, Asia and the Peninsula, who met extraordinarily on March 19, 1812 in Cadiz. It was accorded great historical importance as it was the first constitution promulgated in Spain and one of the most liberal of its time.

It was a siege to capture the Spanish city of the same name between the French and their allies. This siege falls in the series of sieges that took place during the Spanish War of Independence.

The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 in Leipzig, Sajonia.

The Battle of Vitoria was fought on June 21, 1813 between the French troops escorting José Bonaparte as he fled and a conglomerate of Spanish, British and Portuguese troops.

Congress of Vienna, 1814–15 assembly that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I's first abdication, and completed its "Final Act" in June 1815, just before the Waterloo campaign and Napoleon's final defeat.

The monarch Fernando VII regained political power through General Francisco Javier Elío's coup d'etat against the Regency. Fernando VII, with the support of part of the army and a group of 69 deputies from the Cortes of Cadiz, decreed a return to absolutism.

A French army commanded by Napoleon was defeated by two armies of the Seventh Coalition.

The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.

The Holy Alliance was a pact made at the initiative of Alexander I of Russia between Austria, Russia and Prussia on September 26, 1815 in Paris after the Battle of Waterloo.

The Conservative order was the period in European political history following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830 a conscious program by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh, was enacted to stem revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring the Old Order , especially of the previously ruling aristocracies.

The period known as the Hundred Days or Waterloo campaign runs from March 20, 1815, the date of Napoleon's return to Paris from his exile on Elba, to July 8, 1815, the date of Louis' second restoration. XVIII as King of France.

The Argentine War of Independence was a secessionist civil war fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown.

The Chilean War of Independence was a military and political event that enabled Chile's emancipation from the Spanish monarchy, ending the colonial era and beginning the formation of an independent republic.

Colombia's declaration of independence came on July 20, 1810, when the Junta de Santa Fe was established in Santa Fe de Bogotá, capital of the Spanish colonial viceroyalty of New Granada, to rule the territory autonomously from Spain.

The Riego Proclamation was a proclamation led by Lieutenant Colonel Rafael del Riego that took place in Spain in 1820 during the reign of Fernando VII and which sparked the 1820 Revolution.

The Liberal Triennium or Constitutional Triennium is the period in the contemporary history of Spain that runs between 1820 and 1823 and represents the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Fernando VII is conventionally divided, namely after the absolutist sexennium and before the decade. threatening

Mexico's independence was the result of a political and social process resolved by force of arms that ended Spanish rule in most of New Spain and established the First Mexican Empire.

The Greek War of Independence or Greek Revolution was the armed conflict waged by Greek revolutionaries against the rule of the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

Napoleon was only 51 years old when he died on the island of St. Helena, where he lost power and was banished from his beloved France.

'The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis' was the popular name for a French army mobilized by the Bourbon King Louis XVIII in 1823 to aid the Spanish royalists, King Ferdinand VII during the Liberal Triennium

José de San Martín and his troops liberated Peru and declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821

Confederate General Beauregard and his troops saved Petersburg from Union conquest despite being outnumbered by the Federals

In this conflict, the patriots of several countries faced the Spanish royalists beyond their national borders.

A 1717 by Emperor Charles VI. The charter stipulated that if he died without a son, his daughter Maria Theresa should succeed him in all his territories. After Karl's death in 1740, resistance to this led to the War of the Austrian Succession.

On August 2, 1830, King Charles X abdicated the French throne, skipping over his son and appointing his grandson Henri, Duke of Bordeaux as his successor. But Louis-Philippe refused to accept the terms of the abdication and instead had himself proclaimed King of the French.

Wilhelm I sent his troops, but they were expelled on September 27, 1830. The rebels received support from volunteers outside of the city. After this rise, Belgium separated from the Northern Netherlands. On October 4, 1830, a provisional government declared independence.

It was an armed rebellion against Russian rule in Congress Poland. It is part of the cycle of European revolutions that began in France on the three days of July and is known as the 1830 Revolution.

King Ferdinand VII died on September 29, 1833, and his daughter, not quite three years old, ascended the throne as Queen Isabella II.

The First Carlist War was a civil war that took place in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlists, supporters of the Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an absolutist regime, and the Elizabethans or Christians, defenders of Isabel II and the regent María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was initially moderate absolutist and eventually became liberal to gain popular support.

The regency of María Cristina de Borbón represents the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, during which her mother María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias assumed the functions corresponding to the crown (1833-1840) and had to compete against the first Carlist -War unleashed by followers of Carlos María Isidro - brother of King Ferdinand VII who died in September 1833.

The royal statute was promulgated in Spain in April 1834 by the regent María Cristina de Borbón as a charter granted, like that governing the monarchy of Louis XVIII. ruled in France.

The Zollverein der Deutschen Länder was a customs organization founded in 1834 to abolish customs duties among the members of the German Confederation, with the exception of Austria.

The Spanish confiscation was a long historical, economic and social process that began at the end of the century.

The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the reign of Maria Cristina de Bourbon.

The reign of Espartero was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because after the victory of the "Revolution of 1840" put an end to the reign of María Cristina de Borbón, mother of the future Queen Isabel II – at that time nine years old – General Baldomero Espartero assumed the regency in her place.

Several constitutions were proposed during the reign of Isabella II
and limited male suffrage was introduced. Isabella was
supported by two political parties: the Moderate Liberal Party and the Progressive Liberal Party. In 1956 another monarchical party emerged: the Liberal Union.

In the history of Spain, the década moderada ("moderate decade") was the period from May 1844 to July 1854 during which the moderate party was in power without interruption.

The 1845 Constitution replaced the more liberal 1837 Constitution. The 1845 Constitution, imposed by the Moderate Party when it took control of Parliament, drastically curtailed the right to vote, among other things.

The War of the Matiners, Second Carlist War or Montemolinista Campaign was a war that took place between September 1846 and May 1849 mainly in Catalonia.

The Second French Republic was the republican political regime established in France between February 25, 1848 and December 2, 1852.

The constitutional reform of 1848 laid the foundation for today's system of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands.

The offer was rejected. Friedrich Wilhelm was too deeply conservative to receive a German imperial crown from hands other than the other German princes.

A concordat is an agreement between the Holy See and a sovereign state that establishes the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state on matters affecting both

A year later, on November 21 and 22, 1852, the Prince-President asked the French to accept the return of the imperial regime; it would be the Second French Empire. The referendum was positive and so Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon III on December 2, 1852.

It started because it started with the confrontation between the rebel forces commanded by General Leopoldo O'Donnell and the government forces near the Madrid city of Vicálvaro. It was a military uprising followed by a popular uprising that took place between June 28 and July 28, 1854 during the reign of Elizabeth II. This ended the temperate decade and gave way to the progressive biennium

Biennio Progresista is the name by which is known the short period in the history of Spain, elapsing between July 1854 and July 1856, during which the Progressive Party attempted to reform the political system of Isabel II's government, that of the Moderate Party was dominated. since 1843, dealing with the characteristics of the liberal regime after the failure of moderate governments in the previous decade.

The Spanish confiscation was a long historical, economic and social process that began in the late 18th century with the so-called "Godoy Confiscation" - although there was a precedent in the reign of Carlos III - and continued well into the 20th century.

The Second Italian War of Independence, also known as the Franco-Austrian War, Austro-Sardinian War or Italian War of 1859, was fought between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial role in the unification process of Italy

The Italian Unification was the historical process that led, during the course of the 19th century, to the unification of the various states into which the Italian peninsula was divided, mostly linked to dynasties considered "non-Italian", such as the Habsburgs or the bourbons

Red Shirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Expedition of the Thousand, but the name is sometimes extended to volunteers for other revolutionary campaigns. The name derives from the color of the shirts with which they distinguished themselves

Victor Emmanuel II was the last king of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the first king of Italy. Firstborn son of Carlos Alberto I, King of Sardinia, and Maria Teresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. He was King of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and King of Italy from 1861 to 1878.

The War of the Duchies or Second Schleswig-Holstein War was a military conflict pitting the Austrian Empire and Prussia against Denmark in 1864. The latter country was defeated, leaving Schleswig-Holstein, which was annexed by the other two powers, to cede.

The unification of Germany was a historic process that took place in Central Europe in the second half of the 19th century and ended with the founding of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, in which various previously independent states merged.

The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War was a military conflict within the German Confederation that took place between June 14 and August 23, 1866 between the Austrian Empire and Prussia.

The Revolution of 1868, called the Glorious or September Revolution or Septembrina, was a military uprising with civilian elements that took place in Spain in September 1868 and led to the dethroning and banishment of Queen Elizabeth II and the beginning of the period known as the Democratic sexennium.

Rome has been the seat of the papacy since the 1st century AD and became the capital of the Papal States in the 8th century, which existed until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

The Franco-Prussian War was a war fought between July 19, 1870 and May 10, 1871 between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia with the support of the North German Confederation and the allied kingdoms. from Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg

The Second Industrial Revolution refers to the interconnected changes that took place from roughly 1870 to 1914, when World War I began. During this time, the changes experienced a strong acceleration.

The German Empire was the form of government that had existed in Germany since its unification and the proclamation of Wilhelm I as Emperor on January 18, 1871.

Amadeo I of Spain, nicknamed "the Knight-King" or "the Chosen One", was King of Spain from January 2, 1871 to February 11, 1873. He was also the first Duke of Aosta and head of the Savoy Aosta branch. After the dethronement of Isabella II in 1868, he was elected King of Spain by the Cortes Generales in 1870.

The Third Carlist War was a civil war that took place in Spain from 1872 to 1876 between supporters of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist pretender to the throne, and the governments of Amadeo I, the First Republic and Alfonso XII.

The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain from its proclamation by the Cortes on February 11, 1873 until December 29, 1874, when General Martínez Campos' declaration resulted in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.